CPP-Stack/include/stack.h

#ifndef STACK_H
#define STACK_H

#include <cstdint>
#include <expected>
#include <format>
#include <new>
#include <print>

/// @brief Default initial size for the stack
#define DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE 4

/**
 * @brief Error codes for stack operations
 */
enum class StackErr {
    ok,         ///< Operation successful
    bad_alloc,  ///< Memory allocation failed
    empty,      ///< Stack is empty
};

/**
 * @brief Generic stack implementation
 * 
 * @tparam T Type of elements stored in the stack
 * @note T must be formattable with std::format
 */
template<typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
class Stack {
private:
    uint64_t len;   ///< Current number of elements
    uint64_t cap;   ///< Current capacity
    T *data;        ///< Pointer to data array

public:
    /**
     * @brief Construct a new Stack object
     */
    Stack();

    /**
     * @brief Destroy the Stack object
     */
    ~Stack();

    /**
     * @brief Remove and return the top element
     * 
     * @return std::expected<T, StackErr> Top element or error
     */
    std::expected<T, StackErr> pop();

    /**
     * @brief Get the top element without removing it
     * 
     * @return std::expected<T, StackErr> Top element or error
     */
    std::expected<T, StackErr> peek();

    /**
     * @brief Push a new element onto the stack
     * 
     * @param val Value to push
     * @return StackErr Result of the operation
     */
    StackErr push(T val);

    /**
     * @brief Get current size of the stack
     * 
     * @return uint64_t Number of elements
     */
    uint64_t size();

    /**
     * @brief Print stack contents to console
     */
    void print();
};

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
uint64_t Stack<T>::size() {
    return this->len;
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
Stack<T>::Stack() {
    this->data = new T[DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE];
    this->cap = DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE;
    this->len = 0;
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
Stack<T>::~Stack() {
    delete[] this->data;
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
StackErr Stack<T>::push(T value) {
    /// Resize if needed
    if (this->len >= this->cap) {
        uint64_t new_capacity = this->cap * 2;
        T *tmp;

        try {
            tmp = new T[new_capacity];
        } catch (const std::bad_alloc& e) {
            return StackErr::bad_alloc;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < this->len; i++) {
            tmp[i] = this->data[i];
        }

        delete[] this->data;
        this->data = tmp;
        this->cap = new_capacity;
    }

    this->data[this->len] = value;
    this->len++;

    return StackErr::ok;
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
std::expected<T, StackErr> Stack<T>::pop() {
    /// Check empty stack
    if (this->len == 0) {
        return std::unexpected(StackErr::empty);
    }

    T return_val = this->data[this->len - 1];
    this->len--;

    /// Shrink if too much unused space
    if (this->cap / 4 > this->len) {
        uint64_t new_capacity = this->cap / 2;
        T *tmp;

        try {
            tmp = new T[new_capacity];
        } catch (const std::bad_alloc& e) {
            return std::unexpected(StackErr::bad_alloc);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < this->len; i++) {
            tmp[i] = this->data[i];
        }

        delete[] this->data;
        this->data = tmp;
        this->cap = new_capacity;
    }
    
    return return_val;
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
std::expected<T, StackErr> Stack<T>::peek() {
    /// Check empty stack
    if (this->len == 0) {
        return std::unexpected(StackErr::empty);
    }

    return this->data[this->len - 1];
}

template <typename T>
requires std::formattable<T, char>
void Stack<T>::print() {
    std::println("Stack:");
    std::println("Length: {}.", this->len);
    std::println("Capacity: {}.", this->cap);
    
    std::println("{:^22}", "Datos");
    std::println("{:^22}", "|");
    std::println("{:^22}", "v");

    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < this->cap; i++) {
        if (i < this->len) {
            std::println("[{:^20}]", this->data[i]);
        } else {
            std::println("[{:^20}]", "EMPTY");
        }
    }
}

#endif // STACK_H